How does the Drag Reduction System (DRS) work?

First introduced into Formula 1 in 2011, the Drag Reduction System, or DRS, is a simple yet effective tool to increase straight-line speed and aid overtaking. Specific zones on each circuit allow DRS to be used, but there are plans to overhaul the system for the 2026 season. Before diving into future changes, here’s a reminder of how the current system works.

One key ingredient of exciting racing is on-track overtaking, and over the years, various methods have been explored to enhance the spectacle of Formula 1. One obstacle is the so-called ‘dirty air’ that disrupts a trailing car’s aerodynamics. DRS was introduced to help counter this by opening a gap in the rear wing, reducing air resistance, and increasing top speed by around 12mph.

When DRS debuted in 2011, it could be used anywhere on the circuit during qualifying. However, due to safety concerns over the loss of downforce in certain corners, the following year it was restricted to designated straights that were used for the race, of which there are typically two or three ‘DRS zones’ per lap.

The system is armed automatically when a car follows another within one second at a detection point preceding the deployment area. As the following car enters the DRS zone, the driver hears a beep, prompting them to press a button on the steering wheel. This opens an electro-hydraulic valve, allowing an actuator to open the rear wing flap. The driver can close the flap by pressing the button again or by applying the brakes, which automatically triggers closure.

The Drag Reduction System is also available for cars when they lap backmarkers, but for safety reasons, it isn’t used on the first lap of the race or immediately following a Safety Car restart. Race Control also disables DRS in wet conditions, during yellow-flag incidents, or during Safety Car or Virtual Safety Car (VSC) periods. If for any reason the rear wing becomes stuck open, the driver must pit immediately to address the issue or retire if it cannot be fixed.

Each year, DRS zones are adjusted based on historical data and evolving car designs. Zones may be lengthened or shortened to make overtaking feasible without making it too easy. However, this complexity increases when the defending or attacking car uses an additional boost of electrical energy for extra speed. When a line of cars are all running in close formation, this can lead to a stalemate known as a ‘DRS train.’

DRS has been adopted across junior racing, but after 15 years, changes are being made in Formula 1 for 2026. Under the new regulations ‘low-drag’ modes will be available on any straight, regardless of a car’s distance to another. In addition to the rear wing flap, the intention is for the front wing to also ‘open’ to reduce drag. Provisionally, ‘Z-mode’ will be the term for the new standard setting, while ‘X-mode’ will engage a car’s low-drag configuration.